Angola: 5 Things Which May Get You Arrested

When you think of Angola most people think of the 27-year-long civil war which ended in 2002. Some may even think of oil and diamonds. And if you know anything about African presidents, you’ll probably think of José Eduardo dos Santos, the current president of Angola and Africa’s second longest serving president. What most people don’t know is that there are a number of commonplace activities that could get you arrested in the country and not just for a petty crime, but for a crime against the security of the state. Here they are:
 
1. ORGANISING (OR EVEN THINKING ABOUT ORGANISING) A PEACEFUL DEMONSTRATION
 
José Marcos Mavungo is a human rights activist arrested without a warrant on 14 March 2015 in connection with organising a peaceful demonstration against bad governance in the Angolan province of Cabinda. The governor of Cabinda had banned the demonstration apparently because it represented ‘a lack of honour and consideration owed to the people and government institutions’. José Marcos Mavungo has been in detention for almost four months and is now accused of rebellion. He faces up to 15 years imprisonment.
 
2. INVITING JOURNALIST TO THE COUNTRY TO COVER A STORY
 
Arão Bula Tempo was also detained on 14 March 2015. What did he do wrong? Inviting journalists from the Republic of Congo to cover the demonstration which José Marcos Mavungo had been organising. He denies this and any involvement with the demonstration. It’s hard to imagine what would be wrong with this even if he had invited them. Apparently in Angola, such an invitation can constitute the crime of collaboration with foreigners to constrain the Angolan state. Yes, that’s an actual crime. He was released on 13 May 2015 pending trial, but is not allowed to leave Cabinda province without permission. If convicted he faces up to 10 years’ imprisonment.
 
3. BEING IN THE WRONG PLACE AT THE WRONG TIME/ASSOCIATING WITH THE WRONG PERSON
 
Manuel Biongo is a client of Arão Bula Tempo. He had travelled with Arão Bula Tempo to meet some business partners on 14 March 2015 and also found himself detained by the police. Like Arão Bula Tempo, he faces the charge of collaboration with foreigners to constrain the Angolan state. Apparently he was told by a state official whilst in detention that he had made the mistake of being with the wrong person at the wrong time. On 13 May he was released pending trial, but is not allowed to leave Cabinda province without permission. If convicted he faces up to 10 years’ imprisonment.
 
4. DISCUSSING POLITICS WITH FRIENDS IN PERSON OR ON FACEBOOK
 
On 20 June 2015, 13 individuals were arrested as they met in the Villa Alice neighbourhood of Luanda to discuss their views on the political situation in Angola. The police later searched their homes and the homes of others known to associate with them (remember point 3 above. Two more individuals were arrested. Five days later, on 25 June, the Attorney General reported that they had been caught red-handed preparing to carry out acts to destabilise the state. They are being held on suspicion of preparing to commit the crime of rebellion and attempting to kill the president and other government members.
 
The Attorney General specifically referred to a list of a potential new government found in the possession of those meeting as evidence of this attempted crime. This list emanates from a thread started by an Angolan academic on his facebook page in late May. He asked his facebook friends to name those they believed should form part of a new government in a scenario in which the current government disappeared. Apparently in Angola you can’t have such hypothetical discussions otherwise you’ll be seen as actually trying to replace the entire government.
 
The majority of those arrested are youths who have been beaten, arrested and detained on a number of occasions since 2011 in connection with peaceful demonstrations (see point 1 above).
 
5. WRITING AND READING
 
If you have had any interest in the events in Angola this year you would have heard of Rafael Marques de Morais. He is the journalist who was accused of defaming Angolan army generals and convicted on 28 May 2015 of criminal defamation. The charges stem from a book he wrote documenting human rights violations in the diamond mining areas of Angola. While Rafael Marques de Morais was not charged with a state security crime, there are others who have faced such charges for writing or reading.
 
Domingos da Cruz is one of the 15 individuals arrested on 20 June and author of the book, ‘Tools to destroy a dictator and avoid a new dictatorship: Political Philosophy for the Liberation of Angola.’ The back cover states that the book lays down techniques and principles of ‘democratic and peaceful civil disobedience’ for removing a dictatorship. Despite the reference to peaceful civil disobedience, discussing this book in the 20 June meeting contributed to the arrest of the 15.
 
In September 2013, Manuel Nito Alves, who was just 17 years old at the time, was arrested for commissioning the printing of T-shirts with the words, ‘Out disgusting dictator’ on the front, and ‘When war is necessary and urgent’ on the back. The words on the back were a reference to another book by Domingos da Cruz which called for youth to be more actively involved in political life. Manuel Nito Alves was accused of insulting the president - a crime against the security of state. Apparently, in the opinion of the Angolan Attorney General’s office, these few written words on a T-shirt were capable of collapsing a state. The courts disagreed though and in August 2014, Manuel Nito Alves was absolved of the charges against him. He is among the 15 individuals arrested on 20 June.
 
* Muluka Miti-Drummond is writing on behalf of the Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC).